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It’s only been a few days since OpenAI released GPT-5, and already the internet is full of surprising, even wild, examples of what people are doing with it. From beatboxing to game design, the early stories show just how powerful and versatile this next-generation model has become. But beyond the fun experiments, what does this mean for us as speech-language therapists, occupational therapists, psychologists, and educators? Could the same features that let GPT-5 create games and music also support our daily work with children and families? Let’s look at some of the most talked-about use cases and reimagine them in a therapy context. Music, Rhythm, and Prosody Training One example involved GPT-5 generating a beatbox track. While this might seem like just a creative toy, it has real implications for therapy. Research shows that rhythm and musical engagement can support speech prosody, fluency, and social communication skills in children with ASD and developmental language disorder (Sharda et al., 2018). Imagine being able to instantly generate customized rhythm tracks for a child to practice syllable timing or stress patterns — GPT-5 makes this possible. Interactive Building and Spatial Reasoning Another user built a procedural building editor with GPT-5, allowing objects to be dragged, resized, and reshaped. In therapy, similar tools could strengthen executive functioning, planning, and spatial reasoning skills. Children with ADHD, for example, often benefit from structured, hands-on play that builds working memory and sequencing abilities (Diamond, 2013). Instead of static worksheets, therapists could use AI-powered interactive tasks that adapt in real time to the child’s responses. Transparency and Trust in AI A major step forward is GPT-5’s improved honesty about uncertainty. Unlike previous models, it more openly acknowledges when it doesn’t know an answer, reducing hallucinations. For us, this increases the reliability of AI as a support in clinical decision-making, parent communication, or even academic research. Trust is critical — and GPT-5 moves in the right direction. Gamification and Motivation From goblin shooters to Pokémon clones, people are already using GPT-5 to generate entire games. This might sound trivial, but gamification is powerful in therapy. Studies show that digital games can significantly improve engagement and motivation in children with ASD, dyslexia, or other learning difficulties (Whyte et al., 2015). With GPT-5, therapists could design personalized games in minutes — swapping vocabulary targets, social scenarios, or comprehension questions into an engaging format. Cognitive Training and Rehabilitation Another striking finding is GPT-5’s performance in competitive programming, where it outperforms other AI models by a wide margin. Programming is essentially problem-solving — and problem-solving tasks form the basis of many cognitive rehabilitation programs for adolescents and adults with neurological conditions. GPT-5’s ability to generate structured but challenging problem-solving activities could be adapted into therapy for executive function, working memory, and flexible thinking. Moving Forward: Opportunities and Cautions It’s easy to be excited about GPT-5, but as professionals we must balance enthusiasm with caution. Conclusion The early “wild” uses of GPT-5 show us that AI is no longer just a behind-the-scenes tool. It is becoming a creative partner — capable of generating music, games, problem-solving activities, and interactive experiences. For therapists and educators, this opens the door to more personalized, engaging, and adaptive therapy approaches. Our challenge now is to harness this power thoughtfully, grounding it in science, ethics, and empathy. If we do, GPT-5 could help us reimagine therapy for the next generation. References

It’s only been a few days since OpenAI released GPT-5, and already the internet is full of surprising, even wild, examples of what people are doing with it. From beatboxing to game design, the early stories show just how powerful and versatile this next-generation model has become. But beyond the fun experiments, what does this mean for us as speech-language therapists, occupational therapists, psychologists, and educators? Could the same features that let GPT-5 create games and music also support our daily work with children and families? Let’s look at some of the most talked-about use cases and reimagine them in a therapy context. Music, Rhythm, and Prosody Training One example involved GPT-5 generating a beatbox track. While this might seem like just a creative toy, it has real implications for therapy. Research shows that rhythm and musical engagement can support speech prosody, fluency, and social communication skills in children with ASD and developmental language disorder (Sharda et al., 2018). Imagine being able to instantly generate customized rhythm tracks for a child to practice syllable timing or stress patterns — GPT-5 makes this possible. Interactive Building and Spatial Reasoning Another user built a procedural building editor with GPT-5, allowing objects to be dragged, resized, and reshaped. In therapy, similar tools could strengthen executive functioning, planning, and spatial reasoning skills. Children with ADHD, for example, often benefit from structured, hands-on play that builds working memory and sequencing abilities (Diamond, 2013). Instead of static worksheets, therapists could use AI-powered interactive tasks that adapt in real time to the child’s responses. Transparency and Trust in AI A major step forward is GPT-5’s improved honesty about uncertainty. Unlike previous models, it more openly acknowledges when it doesn’t know an answer, reducing hallucinations. For us, this increases the reliability of AI as a support in clinical decision-making, parent communication, or even academic research. Trust is critical — and GPT-5 moves in the right direction. Gamification and Motivation From goblin shooters to Pokémon clones, people are already using GPT-5 to generate entire games. This might sound trivial, but gamification is powerful in therapy. Studies show that digital games can significantly improve engagement and motivation in children with ASD, dyslexia, or other learning difficulties (Whyte et al., 2015). With GPT-5, therapists could design personalized games in minutes — swapping vocabulary targets, social scenarios, or comprehension questions into an engaging format. Cognitive Training and Rehabilitation Another striking finding is GPT-5’s performance in competitive programming, where it outperforms other AI models by a wide margin. Programming is essentially problem-solving — and problem-solving tasks form the basis of many cognitive rehabilitation programs for adolescents and adults with neurological conditions. GPT-5’s ability to generate structured but challenging problem-solving activities could be adapted into therapy for executive function, working memory, and flexible thinking. Moving Forward: Opportunities and Cautions It’s easy to be excited about GPT-5, but as professionals we must balance enthusiasm with caution. Conclusion The early “wild” uses of GPT-5 show us that AI is no longer just a behind-the-scenes tool. It is becoming a creative partner — capable of generating music, games, problem-solving activities, and interactive experiences. For therapists and educators, this opens the door to more personalized, engaging, and adaptive therapy approaches. Our challenge now is to harness this power thoughtfully, grounding it in science, ethics, and empathy. If we do, GPT-5 could help us reimagine therapy for the next generation. References Whyte, E. M., Smyth, J. M., & Scherf, K. S. (2015). Designing serious game interventions for individuals with autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 3820–3831. Sharda, M., Tuerk, C., Chowdhury, R., Jamey, K., Foster, N., Custo-Blanch, M., … Hyde, K. L. (2018). Music improves social communication and auditory–motor connectivity in children with autism. Translational Psychiatry, 8(1), 231. Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168.

Artificial intelligence is revolutionizing therapy and rehabilitation, and the latest breakthrough—ChatGPT 5—exemplifies this transformation. OpenAI’s newest AI assistant introduces groundbreaking features designed to empower therapists, special educators, and rehabilitation professionals like never before. Here’s a professional overview of the most compelling capabilities of ChatGPT 5 and their practical significance for speech-language pathologists (SLPs), occupational therapists (OTs), physical therapists (PTs), psychologists, psychomotor therapists, and special educators. The Striking Features of ChatGPT 5 1. Smarter, Faster, and More Accurate AIChatGPT 5 delivers faster responses with enhanced accuracy, significantly reducing “hallucinations” (inaccurate or fabricated information). In settings where precision builds trust, such as clinical and therapeutic environments, this improved reliability is critical. Furthermore, the introduction of “safe completions” means sensitive topics are addressed carefully, enhancing ethical and practical responsiveness. 2. Adaptive Reasoning with Auto-Switching ModesUsers benefit from seamless transitions between a conversational “Chat” mode and a sophisticated “Thinking” mode. This dual functionality enables therapists to shift effortlessly from routine administrative queries to complex problem-solving or scientific reasoning without manual adjustments, enhancing workflow efficiency. 3. Natural and Expressive Voice CapabilitiesRecognizing that therapy is a deeply human connection, ChatGPT 5 supports expressive, emotionally responsive voice interactions. This feature is especially valuable for therapists working with clients who have communication challenges, facilitating more engaging and authentic conversations. 4. Customizable AI PersonalitiesTherapists can tailor the chatbot’s personality to suit the session’s purpose or client style, choosing from options such as Listener (warm and supportive), Nerd (detailed and inquisitive), Cynic (witty and direct), or Robot (concise and efficient). This customization fosters motivation and enhances the therapeutic alliance. 5. Integration with Everyday ToolsBy linking with Gmail and Google Calendar, ChatGPT 5 automates scheduling, email summarization, and reminders, enabling therapists to prioritize patient care and creative planning over administrative tasks. 6. Personalized Visual EnhancementsCustomization options for chat colors and styles enrich user experience, vital in environments like pediatric and special education settings where visual engagement aids learning and therapy. Practical Impact on Therapy and Rehabilitation ChatGPT 5 opens powerful new avenues for therapeutic innovation: The multimodal capabilities of ChatGPT 5—including image recognition and voice—ensure therapy remains dynamic and accessible for clients facing communication barriers or cognitive challenges. Its ability to recall user preferences strengthens continuity and client-therapist rapport across sessions. Efficiency and Ethical Considerations ChatGPT 5 substantially reduces the administrative burden by automating documentation, goal-setting, and routine communication, freeing therapists to focus on clinical judgment and empathetic care. Nevertheless, ethical vigilance is paramount: professionals must protect client confidentiality, avoid over-reliance on AI, and use these tools as supplements—not substitutes—for human expertise. Conclusion: Towards Happier, Healthier Brains More than just an advanced chatbot, ChatGPT 5 represents a collaborative partner for therapists and educators, offering speed, adaptability, and creative support to elevate care quality and client engagement. Its potential aligns seamlessly with the mission of Happy Brain Training: empowering professionals with cutting-edge technology to foster healthier, happier brains. As AI evolves, therapists embracing tools like ChatGPT 5 will be at the forefront of innovation, transforming therapy and rehabilitation and positively impacting lives—one brain at a time.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is quickly becoming a game-changer in the fields of speech-language pathology (SLP), occupational therapy (OT), school psychology, and special education. Recent research, including the study “Predicting developmental language disorders using artificial intelligence and a speech-data analysis tool” by Beccaluva et al. (2023), demonstrates how AI can empower therapists to make earlier, more objective, and more personalized interventions for children. This article explores what these trends mean for therapists, what they can learn, and how to adapt for a future where technology and human expertise work hand in hand. Revolutionizing Assessment and Early Detection Therapists have always relied on a blend of observation, standardized tools, and professional judgment to identify and support children with developmental or learning challenges. AI offers a powerful complement by bringing data-driven precision to the process. Research Highlight:Beccaluva et al. introduce MARS, a web-based AI application that analyzes children’s spoken language samples to predict the risk of Developmental Language Disorder (DLD). By evaluating rhythmic babbling, linguistic markers, and other features, MARS flags children who may benefit from closer monitoring or targeted intervention. The tool produced objective, quantifiable measures, helping to reduce the subjectivity inherent in traditional assessments. What This Means for Therapy Professionals: Empowering Personalization and Progress Tracking One of the greatest strengths of AI is its ability to analyze vast amounts of data quickly and fine-tune interventions for each client’s needs. Best Practices: Integrating AI in Therapy and Education To maximize the benefits and minimize risks, therapists should keep several principles in mind: Collaboration Across Disciplines The most effective use of AI occurs when SLPs, OTs, psychologists, and special educators work together. By sharing data and insights, professionals develop richer profiles of each student’s needs, set mutually reinforcing goals, and adjust interventions collaboratively as progress is made. Case Example:A school-based team uses MARS to screen incoming students for language risk. Those flagged by the AI tool receive comprehensive evaluations from SLPs, while OTs and special educators design interventions that support both communication and overall development. School psychologists integrate data from AI screening into broader behavioral and learning plans. Regular team meetings ensure everyone interprets the findings in context, ensuring truly individualized and effective support. Looking Ahead: The Future of Therapy with AI Conclusion AI is not just a trend—it’s a transformative force in therapy and education. From early detection to personalized support, AI empowers therapists to deliver smarter, more objective, and more inclusive care. By embracing this technology thoughtfully, staying attuned to its limitations, and maintaining a focus on ethical, client-centered practice, therapists can lead the way to a future where every child’s potential is fully realized. Reference:Beccaluva, A., Mahoney, A., Mueller, J., & Reilly, S. (2023). Predicting developmental language disorders using artificial intelligence and a speech-data analysis tool. Communication Disorders Quarterly. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/07370024.2023.2242837

Artificial intelligence (AI) has become a dynamic partner in therapy, school support, and special education. Tools such as ChatGPT empower professionals to brainstorm lesson plans, draft therapy scripts, and spark creativity with unprecedented ease. However, recent privacy updates—especially the revelation that some ChatGPT “public chats” became visible in Google search results—bring both a timely reminder and an opportunity: to use these new platforms wisely, and to shape a future where safety and progress coexist. The Latest News: Public Chats and Privacy Actions Earlier this year, users and technology outlets noticed that some ChatGPT conversations—specifically those intentionally marked as “public” or “discoverable”—were being indexed by search engines. While meant to encourage sharing and transparency, this functionality left some users surprised that sensitive or personal dialogue could appear in web search. OpenAI Responds QuicklyOpenAI, the maker of ChatGPT, removed the “public share” option, stopped search engines from indexing these chats, and issued a public statement recognizing the risk and the need for user control. Their stance is clear: “We want users, including therapists and educators, to feel safe using our tools, and we’re committed to rapid improvements where privacy is concerned.” How This Affects Therapy and Special Services—With Solutions Despite these headlines, AI remains a powerful, safe companion in professional practice—if you keep privacy protection front and center. 1. Understand the Boundaries 2. Put Data Protection First Practical Steps: 3. Collaborate with Clients and Families 4. Stay Positive About AI’s Direction Recent events demonstrate that the AI field is getting better—because of user feedback from therapists, teachers, and care staff: Why Optimism is Warranted Proactive Tips for Safe, Effective AI Use The Takeaway The ChatGPT privacy story serves as a real-world lesson in digital responsibility. It shows that AI is not only evolving technically, but also culturally—faster every year. As therapists and educators, your vigilance ensures that every new tool used in your practice is safer for those you serve. By staying informed, modeling cautious optimism, and championing client privacy, you help create a therapeutic landscape where AI is both an asset and a protector.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is rapidly changing the world of healthcare—and therapy is no exception. AI agents are increasingly recognized as key tools for supporting professionals in speech therapy, occupational therapy, psychology, psychomotor therapy, and special education. But what exactly are AI agents, and how can you integrate them into your own therapeutic practice for maximum benefit? What Are AI Agents? An AI agent is a computer program equipped to make autonomous decisions using advanced algorithms and learning from data. Unlike traditional software, which only follows pre-set instructions, AI agents can observe, interpret, and adapt their responses in real time. In therapy, these agents range from simple chatbots that answer client queries to sophisticated tools capable of analyzing patient data, personalizing interventions, and even assisting with diagnosis and progress monitoring. Key features of AI agents include: How AI Agents Are Revolutionizing Therapy 1. Speech Therapists (SLPs) AI-powered tools are transforming both the efficiency and quality of speech therapy: 2. Occupational Therapists (OTs) AI solutions help OTs face common challenges: paperwork overload, varied caseloads, and individualized care demands. 3. Psychologists and Psychomotor Therapists AI agents assist psychologists by: 4. Special Educators Special educators face growing needs for tailored, real-time supports. Agentic AI systems in education: How to Benefit from AI Agents in Your Practice Final Thoughts AI agents are not here to replace therapists—they enhance what you do best. They offer speed, accuracy, and meaningful support with routine tasks, letting professionals focus on the unpredictable, deeply human elements of care. Whether you are a SLP, OT, psychologist, psychomotor therapist, or special educator, integrating AI agents can help you improve client outcomes, reduce burnout, and make your practice more responsive in a digital, data-driven future. If you want to create and customize your own AI agents to better support your therapeutic practice, check out our comprehensive courses designed specifically for therapists and educators 

Introducing Generative AI Chatbots: Transforming Mental Health Support Generative AI therapy chatbots are marking a significant milestone in mental health care by offering personalized, dynamic interactions. Unlike older rule-based systems, these advanced chatbots engage in fluid, open-ended conversations capable of handling complex and co-occurring mental health conditions. Leading this innovative wave is Therabot, a pioneering digital therapeutic developed by Dartmouth researchers using generative AI for mental health interventions. Clinical Success: Therabot’s Impact on Depression, Anxiety, and Eating Disorders In clinical settings, Therabot has shown impressive outcomes. Over four weeks, users exhibited significant reductions in symptoms: 51% for depression, 31% for anxiety, and 19% for eating disorders. These results rival those of human therapy. Importantly, users reported developing a trusting relationship with the chatbot similar to what they experience with human therapists, underscoring its potential for fostering therapeutic engagement. Promise and Challenges: What AI Therapy Chatbots Mean for Mental Health Professionals For therapists, generative AI chatbots represent both opportunity and challenge. They could dramatically expand access to mental health services amid a global provider shortage, serving as round-the-clock support. However, risks such as AI hallucinations—where chatbots generate false or misleading information—highlight the critical need for stringent ethical and safety measures. Given their current limitations in handling high-risk situations, human oversight remains essential. Complementing Human Therapists: Practical Roles for AI Chatbots Rather than replacing clinicians, AI chatbots are best seen as complementary tools that can reduce professional burdens and enhance patient engagement. They can handle routine check-ins, reinforce therapeutic goals, and provide support when therapists are unavailable. Future improvements should target enhanced memory, therapeutic guidance, and realistic interactions to ensure chatbots offer safe and effective therapeutic experiences. User Perspectives: AI Chatbots as Emotional Sanctuaries Users often describe generative AI chatbots as emotional refuges that provide insightful guidance, especially for relationship issues or emotional distress. The accessibility and nonjudgmental nature of chatbots make them appealing for those hesitant about traditional therapy. Yet, users express a desire for chatbots to better remember past conversations and personalize responses more deeply to build ongoing trust. Looking Forward: Blending AI and Human Care for Expanded Access The integration of generative AI therapy chatbots is poised to transform mental health services by expanding reach, reducing wait times, and providing support beyond traditional hours. Mental health professionals must engage actively with these technologies to ensure ethical, safe, and effective implementation within blended care models that combine human expertise with AI innovation. Conclusion: Unlocking the Potential of AI in Mental Health Care Generative AI therapy chatbots offer transformative potential by merging technological advances with psychological insight. Ongoing collaboration among developers, clinicians, and users is vital to keep these tools human-centered, equitable, and clinically sound. This synergy promises new avenues for accessible and responsive mental health care in the digital age.

OpenAI’s o3 and o4-mini models, along with their upcoming successors, are reshaping practice for therapists, special educators, and allied health professionals with capabilities that extend far beyond traditional chatbots. Now, these models serve as true digital agents—autonomously managing multi-step, real-world tasks using an integrated suite of tools. What’s New: ChatGPT Agent Brings Unified Tool Autonomy OpenAI’s latest agentic platform empowers users to delegate full workflows, not just single answers. The ChatGPT agent can: Key Features for Therapy and Education Workflows 1. Intelligent Tool Autonomy 2. Advanced Reasoning and Synthesis 3. Enhanced Memory & Real-Time Knowledge Updating 4. Visual Reasoning and Generation 5. Creative Resource Generation 6. Seamless Collaboration and Integration Transforming Daily Practice Across Roles Discipline AI-Enabled Use Cases Speech Therapists Real-time AAC resource design, progress tracking, auto-documentation Occupational Therapists Sensory plan creation, assistive device recs, integrative data views Psychologists Rapid literature synthesis, report generation, mood tracker analytics Psychomotor Therapists Custom play-based programs, motor progress visuals, movement analysis Special Educators IEP progress dashboards, personalized lesson planning, multilingual material design Key Benefits Powered by Real-World Agentic Innovation OpenAI’s agentic upgrades reflect a leap in practical usefulness across professional and personal workflows. Agents can now: All actions remain transparent and user-controlled, with the agent prompting for permission before impactful steps—safeguarding data and minimizing risk. Curious how this could transform your work? Discover specific use cases and hands-on tips in our full article, and explore how agentic AI is already enhancing daily practice for care teams and educators. https://openai.com/index/introducing-chatgpt-agent

In the ever-evolving field of therapy, clinicians across disciplines are now embracing exciting opportunities brought by technology. Administrative tasks are becoming lighter, caseloads more manageable, and the renewed focus on compassionate mental health care is within reach. 2025 marks a groundbreaking era, as technology-driven solutions revolutionize how therapists work, collaborate, and care for their patients. Today, therapists benefit from digital allies that turn paperwork and complex care logistics into manageable, streamlined processes. Advanced technologies—especially those powered by artificial intelligence (AI) and immersive digital platforms—are forging more efficient workflows, refining clinical insights, and broadening the impact of therapy. The result: clinicians can focus on delivering truly personalized care. AI-Powered Scribes: From Paperwork to Patient CareAI-powered scribes such as Mentalyc, Upheal, and Supanote AI are empowering both solo and group practices by automating session transcription and clinical note-taking. These tools not only minimize the hours spent on documentation but ensure that records remain precise and complete. Therapists are enjoying reduced mental fatigue and greater reliability in their notes, allowing more attention for client connection and individualized support. Facial and Voice Recognition: Objective Insight into Mental StatesWith AI scribes lifting the burden of paperwork, facial and voice recognition analytics bring new depth to client assessments. These systems analyze micro-expressions and vocal biomarkers, helping therapists notice subtle changes in emotion or cognition early on. This empowers therapists to deliver timely, tailored interventions and promotes even better outcomes for clients. Wearable Monitoring Devices: Proactive, Responsive CareWearable devices, from smartwatches to biosensor bands, now give therapists continuous insight into client well-being between sessions. With around-the-clock data on key health indicators, therapists can intervene proactively, supporting mental health and neurorehabilitation with greater safety and responsiveness. Virtual and Mixed Reality Therapies: Immersive Healing EnvironmentsVirtual and mixed reality therapies are transforming the healing experience. These platforms provide safe, controlled environments for clients to process trauma, practice social skills, or build coping strategies. For those with PTSD or neurodiverse needs, immersive tech is opening doors to resilience and progress once thought out of reach. Integrative Platforms: Data Analytics and Care CoordinationSophisticated care coordination and data analytics tools anchor this transformation. By bringing together health records and treatment plans, and streamlining communication among multidisciplinary teams, these platforms make truly data-driven, collaborative care a reality. The Future Is Collaborative, Personalized, and Data-DrivenThe 2025 therapy landscape is filled with possibility. With AI-powered tools simplifying administration and immersive therapies deepening healing, therapists are free to engage more fully with their clients and professional development. Early technology adopters are finding not just lower burnout, but greater satisfaction and enhanced outcomes. The greatest promise is in cross-disciplinary collaboration: when clinicians, technologists, and patients join forces, innovation flourishes, and the collective impact on mental health soars. Pro Tip: For therapists ready to embrace change, start with one new tool—perhaps an AI scribe to ease documentation—and add more solutions as you grow comfortable. Step by step, your workflow and the care you deliver will become even more effective and rewarding. As digital transformation accelerates, one thing is certain: the future of mental health care will be even more efficient, empathetic, and impactful for all.

Elon Musk’s Warnings and What It Means for Therapists AI’s Expanding Role Across Industries Artificial intelligence is rapidly transforming how work is done across multiple sectors. From logistics to legal work, AI is automating routine tasks, raising both opportunities and concerns. Elon Musk has been one of the most outspoken voices predicting a future where AI may replace most human jobs. Key Areas Impacted: Elon Musk’s Vision of the Future of Work Musk predicts that eventually, “probably none of us will have a job,” envisioning a world where AI and robotics handle all production and services. In this future, humans may work only by choice—not necessity—and society could transition to a system of “universal high income”, where basic needs are met regardless of employment status. Key Predictions: What Does This Mean for Therapists? 1. AI as a Tool, Not a Replacement While AI is reshaping therapy—automating notes, analyzing speech patterns, or offering chatbot support—the human element remains irreplaceable: 2. How Therapists Can Adapt AI’s Role in Therapy Human Therapist’s Unique Value Automates paperwork and scheduling Builds trust and therapeutic alliance Analyzes trends in client data Provides empathy and ethical guidance Offers virtual support (e.g., chatbots) Delivers creative, personalized care Assists in training and supervision Makes complex, context-based decisions 3. The Future: Collaboration, Not Competition The Bottom Line AI is reshaping the workforce at an unprecedented pace. Elon Musk’s predictions underscore both the scale of disruption and the potential for transformation. For therapists, this moment calls for embracing AI as an assistive tool—while doubling down on the deeply human skills that machines cannot replicate. The future of therapy will be defined not by technology alone, but by the partnership between intelligent tools and human empathy. What’s your take on this future?Is AI a threat, a tool, or both?How do we prepare for a world where therapy may be delivered alongside—or even partially by—AI? Let’s start the conversation.